Tabi 足袋

Tabi 足袋 are traditional Japanese split-toe socks. The big toe is separated from the other toes, originally to be worn with zōri and geta sandals or with shoes that have a toe thong. In martial arts, they help with balance, grip and foot awareness, and maintaining traditional form.

Tabi appeared in Japan around the Muromachi period (14th–16th centuries). Before that, people mostly wore wrapped cloth or simple sandals without socks. Once cotton became more widely available, tabi became common everyday wear. Originally, they were worn by samurai, used by merchants and townspeople, or were part of formal clothing.

Samurai wore tabi under their waraji 草鞋 (straw sandals) or inside light armor footwear. They helped reduce friction and allow better control when moving or kneeling in armor. However, on muddy battlefields they were often replaced by thick socks, leather foot coverings, or sandals.

During the Edo Period (1603–1868), tabi became extremely common. Traveling merchants, monks, and bushi used them regularly. White tabi (白足袋) were worn indoors and for formal occasions and traditional performances. Jika-tabi (地下足袋), usually black, were worn for work. Developed during the late 19th and early 20th century for laborers, construction workers, rickshaw pullers, and farmers, they were heavy-duty outdoor tabi with a rubber sole. These became strongly associated with ninja imagery, though historically ninja wore many types of footwear. Thick-soled tabi were best for labor or travel.

Today, tabi are used in various martial arts, including Iaido, Kenjutsu, Katori Shintō-ryū, traditional Jujutsu schools, and Ninjutsu, as well as traditional theater arts like Noh and Kabuki. In the dojo, they maintain tradition, protect feet on rough floors, and improve foot placement awareness.

Ninja tabi are usually black, soft-soled tabi used in ninjutsu demonstrations and stage and historical reenactment. They were not historically exclusive to ninja, but popular in modern representation. The toe separation improves ground feel; increases stability; mimics the natural spread of the foot; and helps with balance when gripping straw sandals. This made them ideal for martial arts movement; climbing and traveling; control in traditional footwear.

Translation

ta/ashifoot, leg, to be sufficient. This kanji represents the foot or leg. In this word, it refers specifically to the foot area.
bi/fukurobag, pouch, sack – Originally, 袋 means a bag or container. In the word tabi, it suggests something that covers or contains the foot, like a pouch.
足袋tabiFoot bag. A cloth covering for the foot. A sock, specifically a traditional Japanese split-toe sock.

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